02553nam a2200157   4500001000700000100004100007101000800048200011100056210009800167215002000265300004200285330201100327606001502338606001702353700002502370394955  a20180313d2017       y0pory50      ba  aeng  aThe expanding spectrum of espionage by Americans, 1947 – 2015bRecurso eletrónicofKatherine L. Herbig  aSeaside, CAcOffice of People Analytics. Defense Personnel and Security Research Centerd2017  a1 CD-ROMd12 cm  aTechnical Report 17-10 (August 2017).  aPreface. Executive summary. Introduction. Background. Organization of the report. Method. Part 1 Characteristics of espionage by Americans. Personal attributes. Employment and clearance. Espionage offenders without security clearances.  Elements of the act of espionage. How information has been transmitted. Consequences of espionage. Motivations. Strong motivations for espionage. Motivations through time. Examples of spying for money. Examples of spying from divided loyalties.  Ingratiation, coercion, thrills, and recognition. Helping and ingratiation. Part 2 Types of espionage by Americans. Five types of espionage. Elements of classic espionage. Classification and legal dimensions of classic espionage. Leaks as a type of espionage. Shamai Leibowitz.  Stephen Jin-Woo Kim. John Kiriakou. Donald Sachtleben. Bradley Manning. Matthew Diaz. Lawrence Franklin. Edward Snowden. Acting as an agent of a foreign government as a type of espionage. Individuals charged as agents of a foreign government. Classic spies who were also convicted as foreign agents. Employees of foreign Intelligence Services. Persons not convicted of classic espionage, but convicted of acting as agents of foreign governments, solely or with other charges. Violations of export control laws as a type of espionage. Three export control statutes. Enforcement of export control. Economic espionage. Trade secrets. The Economic Espionage Act of 1996. Part 3 Context and recommendations. Changes in context that shape current espionage. Information and Communications Technology (ICT). Globalization. Implications of this context for revisions to the espionage statutes. Revise Title 18 U.S.C. § 792 through 798. Revise espionage-related statutes to reflect cyber capabilities, globalization, and the internet. Reconcile statutes that apply to the five types of espionage. References. Appendix A: espionage as an insider threat. Appendix B: List of the 209 individuals in this study and selected characteristics. List of tables.  aESPIONAGEM  aMETODOLOGIAS  aHERBIGbKatherine L.