03506nam a2200241   4500001000700000090001100007100004100018101000800059200008900067210006700156215002000223300004900243330253800292606003102830606002602861606003302887606003402920606003602954606003902990710010603029955001103135995011803146394924  a394924  a20180212d2017       y0pory50      ba  aeng  aEvidential issues in trafficking in persons casesbRecurso eletrónicoecase Digest  aViennacUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)d2017  a1 CD-ROMd12 cm  aFicheiro de 2,52 MB em formato PDF (192 p.).  aNote to the reader. 1. Background. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Mandate and procedure. 1.3 Challenges in developing this Case Digest on evidential matters. 1.4 The methodology of case analysis. 1.5 Structure of the Case Digest. 2. Kinds of evidence. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Victim testimony. 2.2.1 Typical weaknesses of victim testimony. 2.2.2 Corroborated versus uncorroborated victim testimony. 2.2.3 Cases with partial or no victim testimony. 2.3 Testimonial evidence of persons other than victims. 2.4 Out of court statements. 2.5 Defendants’ out of court confessions. 2.6 Expert or professional testimony. 2.7 Documentary evidence. 2.8 Real evidence. 2.8.1 Photographs and videos. 2.8.2 Equipment and other utensils. 2.8.3 Banknotes and marked money. 2.8.4 Biological traces/biological evidence. 2.8.5 Traces of objects. 2.8.6 Witness demeanour and appearance. 2.9 Evidence gathered by special investigative techniques. 3. The mosaic of evidence. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Circumstances which can contribute to convictions. 3.2.1 Violence or force. 3.2.2 Threats. 3.2.3 Deception. 3.2.4 Subtle means of coercion. 3.2.5 Vulnerabilities of victims. 3.2.6 Restrictions of freedom. 3.2.7 Isolation. 3.2.8 Low pay or absence of pay. 3.2.9 Difficult work conditions. 3.2.10 Poor living conditions. 3.2.11 Lack of access to medical care. 3.2.12 Signs of ownership: objectification of the victim. 3.2.13 Debt bondage. 3.2.14 Climate of fear. 3.2.15 Duration of abuse. 3.2.16 The relevance of cultural beliefs and practices. 3.3 Circumstances which may weaken a case. 3.3.1 The victim’s freedom to come and go. 3.3.2 The victim’s power to say “no” with “impunity”. 3.3.3 The victim’s support system. 3.3.4 Selective treatment of alleged victims compared to persons in same situation. 3.3.5 Complicity in trafficking by victim’s family. 3.3.6 Victim behaviour in the course of the trafficking process. 4. Particularly difficult evidential challenges. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 How to prove the chain of trafficking? 4.3 How to prove trafficking where the intended exploitation never transpired?  4.4 How to handle the subject of victim consent? 5. In-depth analysis of selected cases. 5.1 K-165/11 (Serbia). 5.2 Urizar (Canada). 5.3 Wei Tang (Australia). 5.4 Farrell (United States). 5.5 Omoruyi (Nigeria). 5.6 Anos (Philippines). 5.7 Ranya Boonmee (Thailand). 5.8 Case No. 8959—2012 (Egypt). 5.9 Siliadin (European Court of Human  Rights). 5.10 Grigore and others (Germany). 5.11 R. v. Connors (United Kingdom). Annex. Index of cases.  aANÁLISE CRIMINAL9321724  aBASE DE DADOS9227272  aTRÁFICO DE PESSOAS9264139  aCRIME CONTRA MULHERES9345286  aCRIME CONTRA CRIANÇAS9343327  aSISTEMA DE JUSTIÇA PENAL9320192  aNAÇÕES UNIDASbOffice on Drugs and Crime. Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling Section9320900  xOferta  104PJCD_287_00000000000000052022-06-066PJCD2879427633aPJcPJfPJ1CD287_46kPJCD287n2022-06-06o0rMOxOferta