03274nam a2200205   4500001000700000100004100007101000800048200008900056210006700145215002000212300004900232330253800281606002302819606001802842606002502860606002602885606002802911606003102939710009802970394924  a20180212d2017       y0pory50      ba  aeng  aEvidential issues in trafficking in persons casesbRecurso eletrónicoecase Digest  aViennacUnited Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)d2017  a1 CD-ROMd12 cm  aFicheiro de 2,52 MB em formato PDF (192 p.).  aNote to the reader. 1. Background. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Mandate and procedure. 1.3 Challenges in developing this Case Digest on evidential matters. 1.4 The methodology of case analysis. 1.5 Structure of the Case Digest. 2. Kinds of evidence. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Victim testimony. 2.2.1 Typical weaknesses of victim testimony. 2.2.2 Corroborated versus uncorroborated victim testimony. 2.2.3 Cases with partial or no victim testimony. 2.3 Testimonial evidence of persons other than victims. 2.4 Out of court statements. 2.5 Defendants’ out of court confessions. 2.6 Expert or professional testimony. 2.7 Documentary evidence. 2.8 Real evidence. 2.8.1 Photographs and videos. 2.8.2 Equipment and other utensils. 2.8.3 Banknotes and marked money. 2.8.4 Biological traces/biological evidence. 2.8.5 Traces of objects. 2.8.6 Witness demeanour and appearance. 2.9 Evidence gathered by special investigative techniques. 3. The mosaic of evidence. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Circumstances which can contribute to convictions. 3.2.1 Violence or force. 3.2.2 Threats. 3.2.3 Deception. 3.2.4 Subtle means of coercion. 3.2.5 Vulnerabilities of victims. 3.2.6 Restrictions of freedom. 3.2.7 Isolation. 3.2.8 Low pay or absence of pay. 3.2.9 Difficult work conditions. 3.2.10 Poor living conditions. 3.2.11 Lack of access to medical care. 3.2.12 Signs of ownership: objectification of the victim. 3.2.13 Debt bondage. 3.2.14 Climate of fear. 3.2.15 Duration of abuse. 3.2.16 The relevance of cultural beliefs and practices. 3.3 Circumstances which may weaken a case. 3.3.1 The victim’s freedom to come and go. 3.3.2 The victim’s power to say “no” with “impunity”. 3.3.3 The victim’s support system. 3.3.4 Selective treatment of alleged victims compared to persons in same situation. 3.3.5 Complicity in trafficking by victim’s family. 3.3.6 Victim behaviour in the course of the trafficking process. 4. Particularly difficult evidential challenges. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 How to prove the chain of trafficking? 4.3 How to prove trafficking where the intended exploitation never transpired?  4.4 How to handle the subject of victim consent? 5. In-depth analysis of selected cases. 5.1 K-165/11 (Serbia). 5.2 Urizar (Canada). 5.3 Wei Tang (Australia). 5.4 Farrell (United States). 5.5 Omoruyi (Nigeria). 5.6 Anos (Philippines). 5.7 Ranya Boonmee (Thailand). 5.8 Case No. 8959—2012 (Egypt). 5.9 Siliadin (European Court of Human  Rights). 5.10 Grigore and others (Germany). 5.11 R. v. Connors (United Kingdom). Annex. Index of cases.  aANÁLISE CRIMINAL  aBASE DE DADOS  aTRÁFICO DE PESSOAS  aCRIME CONTRA MULHERES  aCRIME CONTRA CRIANÇAS  aSISTEMA DE JUSTIÇA PENAL  aNAÇÕES UNIDASbOffice on Drugs and Crime. Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling Section