@book{390689,
	author = {PASSAS, Nikos},
	title = {Informal value transfer systems and criminal organizations},
	publisher = {Research and Documentation Centre. Ministry of Justice},
	year = {2009},
	series = {Working Paper Series },
	address = {Netherlands},
	note = {Ficheiro de 194 Kb em formato pdf (93 p.). Study commissioned by the Research and Documentation Centre of the Ministry of Justice on the advice of the Advisory Committee for Research on Organized Crime. "This is the first systematic study into so-called "underground banking" networks. The research was funded by the Ministry of Justice of The Netherlands. It is the study that coined the term "Informal value transfer systems". The main goals of the study were to provide a policy-useful analysis of the way in which such systems operate, the extent to which criminals may resort to their services, and the policies adopted by different governments. The paper reviews hawala, black market peso exchange, fei chien and related IVTS used by various ethnic communities for remittances and trade. The study finds that both legitimate and illegitimate interests are served by IVTS. Regulators need to be cautious and avoid ethnocentric approaches that may bring about counter-productive effects with respect to economic development and crime control". Também disponível através de: https://english.wodc.nl/onderzoeksdatabase/informal-value-transfer-systems-and-criminal-organizations.aspx. Acedido a 24 de janeiro de 2012.}
}