01946nam a2200205   4500001000700000100004100007101000800048200015100056210005100207215002000258225001600278300021700294330109100511606003001602606002001632606001501652606003201667606002301699700001801722384449  a20070919d2003       y0pory50      ba  apor  aInformal value transfer systems, terrorism and money launderingbRecurso eletrónicoea report to the National Institute of JusticefNikos Passas  a[Massachusetts]cNortheastern Universityd2003  a1 CD-ROMd12 cm  aIVTS Report  aRelatório submetido ao U.S. Department of Justice. Ficheiro de 1,95 Mb em formato pdf (137 f.). Também disponível em: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/208301.pdf. Acedido em 19 de Setembro de 2007.  aForeword. Summary of significant results and policy implications. Introduction. Definitions. Methods. A general overview: different types of IVTS. IFTS. IVTM. Background and methods of operation discovered or suspected. Physical transportation – courier service. In-kind payments. Hawala and Hundi. Terms used in Hawala networks. Hawala mechanics. The settlement process. How do hawaladars make profit? Documentation kept. Law enforcement challenges stemming from the nature of Hawala operations. Lack of record keeping and potential difficulties. In deciphering records. Too many records. Mixing of various businesses. Problems associated with the context of Hawala operations. Linguistic issues. Cultural differences. “Benami” accounts. International coordination and cooperation. Difficulty of policy assessments. International legal and administrative asymmetries. Indicators of use and abuse. Indicators of IFTS activity. Indicators of criminal abuse. The nexus with serious crime and terrorism. Policy implications. Conclusion. References. Appendix: Outline of Thirty Cases.  aBRANQUEAMENTO DE CAPITAIS  aEVASÃO FISCAL  aTERRORISMO  aFINANCIAMENTO DO TERRORISMO  aSISTEMA FINANCEIRO  aPASSASbNikos