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Acknowledgments. Abbreviations. Executive Summary. Introduction: Purpose of the Study. Methodology. How to Use This Study. 1. The Basis of Illicit Enrichment. 1.1 The Rationale for Criminalizing Illegal Enrichment. 1.2 The Prosecution of Illicit Enrichment. 1.3 Origins and Development of the Offense. 2. Defining Illicit Enrichment. 2.1 International and Domestic Definitions. 2.2 Elements of the Offense. 2.3 Observations. 3. Human Rights and Constitutional Aspects. 3.1 The Main Principles at Stake. 3.2 Legal Presumptions Contained in Offenses Other Than Illicit Enrichment. 3.3 Protection of the Rights of the Accused in Illicit Enrichment Proceedings. 3.4 Observations. 4. Operational Aspects. 4.1 Triggering Investigations on Illicit Enrichment. 4.2 Strengthening Investigations on Illicit Enrichment . 4.3 Process and Interaction with the Public Official during the Investigation. 4.4 Enforcing Illicit Enrichment: The Challenges. 4.5 Assessing the Effectiveness of an Illicit Enrichment Regime. 4.6 Observations. 5. International Cooperation. Appendix A Illicit Enrichment Provisions. Appendix B Jurisdictions with Illicit Enrichment Provisions and Rankings for Rule of Law, Control of Corruption, and GDP per Capita, 2009. Appendix C The Illicit Enrichment Questionnaire. Bibliography. Boxes. Figures. Tables.