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Note to the reader. 1. Background. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Mandate and procedure. 1.3 Challenges in developing this Case Digest on evidential matters. 1.4 The methodology of case analysis. 1.5 Structure of the Case Digest. 2. Kinds of evidence. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Victim testimony. 2.2.1 Typical weaknesses of victim testimony. 2.2.2 Corroborated versus uncorroborated victim testimony. 2.2.3 Cases with partial or no victim testimony. 2.3 Testimonial evidence of persons other than victims. 2.4 Out of court statements. 2.5 Defendants’ out of court confessions. 2.6 Expert or professional testimony. 2.7 Documentary evidence. 2.8 Real evidence. 2.8.1 Photographs and videos. 2.8.2 Equipment and other utensils. 2.8.3 Banknotes and marked money. 2.8.4 Biological traces/biological evidence. 2.8.5 Traces of objects. 2.8.6 Witness demeanour and appearance. 2.9 Evidence gathered by special investigative techniques. 3. The mosaic of evidence. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Circumstances which can contribute to convictions. 3.2.1 Violence or force. 3.2.2 Threats. 3.2.3 Deception. 3.2.4 Subtle means of coercion. 3.2.5 Vulnerabilities of victims. 3.2.6 Restrictions of freedom. 3.2.7 Isolation. 3.2.8 Low pay or absence of pay. 3.2.9 Difficult work conditions. 3.2.10 Poor living conditions. 3.2.11 Lack of access to medical care. 3.2.12 Signs of ownership: objectification of the victim. 3.2.13 Debt bondage. 3.2.14 Climate of fear. 3.2.15 Duration of abuse. 3.2.16 The relevance of cultural beliefs and practices. 3.3 Circumstances which may weaken a case. 3.3.1 The victim’s freedom to come and go. 3.3.2 The victim’s power to say “no” with “impunity”. 3.3.3 The victim’s support system. 3.3.4 Selective treatment of alleged victims compared to persons in same situation. 3.3.5 Complicity in trafficking by victim’s family. 3.3.6 Victim behaviour in the course of the trafficking process. 4. Particularly difficult evidential challenges. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 How to prove the chain of trafficking? 4.3 How to prove trafficking where the intended exploitation never transpired? 4.4 How to handle the subject of victim consent? 5. In-depth analysis of selected cases. 5.1 K-165/11 (Serbia). 5.2 Urizar (Canada). 5.3 Wei Tang (Australia). 5.4 Farrell (United States). 5.5 Omoruyi (Nigeria). 5.6 Anos (Philippines). 5.7 Ranya Boonmee (Thailand). 5.8 Case No. 8959—2012 (Egypt). 5.9 Siliadin (European Court of Human Rights). 5.10 Grigore and others (Germany). 5.11 R. v. Connors (United Kingdom). Annex. Index of cases.