Foreword. Executive summary. Glossary of abbreviations. Glossary of key terms. Introduction. Defining a child. Legal framework for prohibiting child soldiers. Literature review.The Caliphate’. Methodology. Child soldiers through the ages. Historical basis for Islamic State’s use of children.The Ottomans. Saddam’s Lion Cubs.The insurgency.The legacy. Why children are recruited. How children are recruited. Education. Coercion. Co-option. Circumstance. Ideology. Socialisation.How children are trained. Children’s Roles in the ‘Caliphate’. Spies. Preachers. Soldiers. Executioners. Suicide bombers. Girls. Impact on children. The effects of war exposure on children.The impact of child Soldiering children in Islamic State rehabilitating Child Soldiers.Idea of Statehood. DDR(R). Beyond DDR(R). Collective trauma. Case Study: Afghanistan.Case Study: Pakistan. Case Study: Iraq. Case study: Islamic policy recommendations (1). Assessment. (2) Supportive Network. (3) EU Structure. (4) Intelligence system. (5) Prosecution. Conclusion. Appendix. Legislation. The United Kingdom. Europe. The United States. The Beijing rules. International humanitarian law. Afghanistan. Colombia. Sri Lanka. Geneva Convention (1949). Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (2000). The Paris Commitment to Protect Children from Unlawful Recruitment or Use by Armed Forces or Armed Groups (2007).