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Acknowledgements. 1. Introduction. 1.1 Objectives and relevance. 1.2 Structure of the report. 2. Background. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Defining irregular migration. 2.3 Main definitions. 2.4 Factors influencing irregular migration. 2.5 Theories influencing irregular migrants’ destination choice. 2.6 Summary. 3. Research design. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Problem definition and research questions. 3.3 Research design and approach. 3.4 Selection of sources and authentication of data. 3.5 Assessing the evidence and identifying research gaps. 3.6 Summary. 4. Migration routes. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Country of origin to the fringes of Europe. 4.2.1 The Eastern Africa route. 4.2.2 Western and Central Africa route. 4.2.3 Asian Route to Eastern Mediterranean route. 4.3 Crossing into the European Union. 4.3.1 Central Mediterranean route. 4.3.2 Western Mediterranean route. 4.3.3 Eastern Mediterranean route. 4.3.4 Western Balkan route. 4.4 From country of entry in Europe to country of destination in Europe. 4.4.1 Beyond Italy. 4.4.2 Beyond Greece. 4.4.3 Beyond Spain. 4.4.4 Destination ‘North’. 4.5 Migration routes to the Netherlands. 4.6 Factors influencing irregular migrants routes. 4.7 Summary. 4.8 Overview of key gaps in the literature. 5. The factors influencing irregular migrants’ destination choices within Europe. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Economic factors. 5.3 The role of migrant smugglers. 5.4 Social networks and access to information. 5.5 Conditions and experiences in transit countries. 5.6 Migration policy. 5.7 When and where is the destination chosen?. 5.8 Why the Netherlands?. 5.9 Summary and key gaps in the literature. 6. Evidence assessment. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Strong agreement. 6.2.1 Strong agreement: irregular migrants’ routes. 6.2.2 Strong agreement: factors influencing destination choice. 6.2.3 Strong agreement: The Netherlands. 6.3 Mixed agreement. 6.3.1 Mixed agreement: irregular migrants’ routes. 6.3.2 Mixed agreement: factors influencing destination choice. 6.3.3 Mixed agreement: The Netherlands. 6.4 Research gaps. 6.4.1 Methodological research gaps. 6.4.2 Empirical research gaps. 6.5 Summary. 7. Conclusion and recommendations. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Research questions. 7.3 Challenges of irregular migration research. 7.4 Recommendations for future research. 7.5 Summary. 8. References. Appendix 1: Articles included in literature review evidence assessment: routes to Europe. Appendix 2: Articles included in literature review evidence assessment: factors influencing destination choice.