Dissertation presented in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the DegreeDoctor of Philosophy. Submitted to the U.S. Department of Justice, award 2011-JP-FX-0101. Ficheiro de 2,46 MB em formato PDF (191 p.). Disponível também em: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/239241.pdf. Acedido a 07 de maio de 2013.

List of tables. List of figures. Chapter. 1 Introduction. 2 Theoretical foundation. The life-course perspective in criminology. Key life-course concepts and gang membership. How gang membership impacts later life stages. 3 Consequences of gang membership. Sources of knowledge. The enduring consequences of gang membership. Qualitative perspectives. Quantitative perspectives. State of the literature. 4 Methods. Data. Gang membership. Full and selection samples. Overview of the analytic strategy. Estimating propensity scores. Modeling educational attainment. Modeling employment. Conclusion. 5. The impact of adolescent gang membership on educational attainment. Educational attainment. Gang membership as an educational snare. The current study. Dependent variables. Results. Descriptive statistics. The cumulative effects of gang joining on educational attainment. The longitudinal effects of gang joining on educational attainment. 6. The impact of adolescent gang membership on employment. Theoretical framework. Existing research. The current study. Dependent variables. Results. Descriptive statistics. The effects of gang joining on binary labor supply outcomes. The effects of gang joining on linear labor supply outcomes. The effects of gang joining on linear job quality outcomes. 7. Discussion. Overview. Key discussion points. Directions for future research. References. Appendix.