Contributors. Preface. Introduction (Peter Becker, Richard F. Wetzell). PART ONE – Non academic sites of nineteenth-century criminological discourse: 1. The French Revolution and the origins of French criminology (Marc Renneville). 2. Murderers and “reasonable men”: the “criminology” of the Victorian judiciary (Martin J. Wiener). 3. Unmasking counterhistory: an introductory exploration of criminality and the Jewish question (Michael Berkowitz). 4. Moral discourse and reform in urban Germany, 1880s-1914 (Andrew Lees). 5. The criminologists’ gaze at the underworld: toward an archaeology of criminological writing (Peter Becker). PART TWO – Criminology as scientific and political practice in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: 6. Cesare Lombroso and Italian criminology: theory and politics (Mary S. Gibson). 7. Criminal anthropology: its reception in the United States and the nature of its appeal (Nicole Hahn Rafter). 8. From the “atavistic” to the “inferior” criminal type: the impact of the Lombrosian theory of the born criminal on German psychiatry (Mariacarla Gadebusch Bondio). 9. Criminology, hygienism, and eugenics in France, 1870-1914: the medical debates on the elimination of “incorrigible” criminals (Laurent Mucchielli). 10. Crime, prisons, and psychiatry: reconsidering problem populations in Australia, 1890-1930 (Stephen Garton). 11. Positivist criminology and state formation in modern Argentina, 1890-1940 (Ricardo D. Salvatore). 12. The birth of criminology in modern Japan (Yoji Nakatani). PART THREE – The making of the criminologist: 13. The International Congresses of Criminal Anthropology: shaping the French and international criminological movement, 1886-1914 (Martine Kaluszynski). 14. Making criminologists: tools, techniques, and the production of scientific authority (David G. Horn). 15. “One of the strangest relics of a former state”: tattoos and the discourses of criminality in Europe, 1880-1920 (Jane Caplan). 16. What criminals think about criminology: French criminals and criminological knowledge at the end of the nineteenth century (Philippe Artières). 17. Talk of the town: the murder of Lucie Berlin and the production of local knowledge (Peter Fritzsche). PART FOUR – Criminology in the first half of the twentieth century: the case of Weimar and Nazi Germany: 18. Criminology in Weimar and Nazi Germany (Richard F. Wetzell). 19. The biology of morality: criminal biology in Bavaria, 1924-1933 (Oliver Liang). 20. Criminals and their analysts: psychoanalytic criminology in Weimar Germany and the First Austrian Republic (Gabriel N. Finder). 21. Drinking and crime in modern Germany (Geoffrey J. Giles).